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Debian is a universal Linux based operating system, currently using the Linux or the FreeBSD kernel. Debian also forms the base for one of the most commonly known Linux distribution, Ubuntu. Debian Based Operating Systems like Debian, Ubuntu, and it's flavours have a built-in packaging system that allows users to install applications with just a command, sudo apt install, feeling nostalgic yet? The need for people is application software, programs that help them do what they want, from editing documents to running a business to playing games to writing more software and more. Debian comes with over 51,000 packages (precompiled software that is bundled up in a nice format for easy installation on your machine), a package manager (APT), and other utilities that make it possible to manage thousands of packages on thousands of computers as easily as installing a single application. All of it free. In this article, I'll be guiding you to the basics of What packaging in Debian is and a basic how-to tutorial on the same. It’s like a tower. At the base is the kernel. On top of that are all the basic tools. Next is all the software that you run on the computer. At the top of the tower is Debian carefully organizing and fitting everything so it all works together. What is an Operating system ? An operating system is the set of basic programs and utilities that make your computer run. At the core of an operating system is the kernel. The kernel is the most fundamental program on the computer and does all the basic housekeeping and lets you start other programs. What is meant by Debian Packaging? Ever done sudo apt install and wondered how apt install works and what file it fetches and how the file gets auto-installed? This is where Debian Packaging comes into play. The aim of packaging is to allow the automation of installing, upgrading, configuring, and removing computer programs for Debian in a consistent manner. In simple words, debian packaging is a process of creating .deb files, that are same as .exe installer files in Windows. By doing Debian packaging we make Debian packages, which is a collection of files that allow for applications or libraries to be distributed via the Debian package management system allowing a user to easily install the packaged application with just a command. To read more about Debian Packaging, you can refer to the official Debian Packaging Document. Enough with the theory, let's do some hands-on! Prerequisites To start with Debian packaging, we need a Debian SID environment. Are you on a Non-Debian SID Enviroment?If you're running Ubuntu/Arch/Gentoo/Mac or any other OS, you need not worry about installing another OS on your system! We can use Docker, lxc, or a virtual machine to simulate the environment! Refer to instructions given below to setup Debian Sid or scroll down to see how I did it: LXC - https://wiki.debian.org/Packaging/Pre-Requisites#LXCDocker - https://wiki.debian.org/Packaging/Pre-Requisites#DockerVirtual Machine - https://wiki.debian.org/Packaging/Pre-Requisites#Virtual_Machine Personally, I prefer Docker and started with a Docker Container during my first packaging. TipsFor Linux users using apt package manager, installing docker is now as easy as sudo apt install docker.io How I Installed the Docker SID Enviroment? I've divided the work and the command I ran to install the SID Environment in the table below, so, fire up a terminal and follow the steps one after the other. If you face any obstacles or have any queries, you can ask them in the comment below! Work to be doneCodePull Debian Sid image from docker hub using the following commanddocker pull debian:sidCreate a container with it and start bash on itdocker run - -privileged - -name “sid” -it debian:sid /bin/bashUpdate and upgrade to latest versions of packagesapt-get update && apt-get upgrade Once done with above, you can start and connect with the docker container using the below command and it'll land you into the container's bash shell: sudo docker start sid && sudo docker attach sid Installing the required tools in Container To start with packaging we need to install a few packages, do so by running the following commands: Install packaging tools inside the container using:For Generic Packages: apt-get install dh-makeFor GO Packages: apt-get install dh-make-golangFor Ruby Gems: apt-get install gem2debFor NodeJS Modules: apt-get install npm2deb Next, install a few required packages: apt-get install git-buildpackage sbuild dh-buildinfo quilt lintian Still having troubles setting it up?If you're still facing trouble, you can join Debian's real-time chat group using one of the 4 options given below and say Hi!1. Matrix: #debian-browserify:diasp.in2. IRC: #debian-browserify on irc.oftc.net or http://webchat.oftc.net/?channelsdebian-browserify&uioMT11bmRlZmluZWQb1 to join the IRC room3. Telegram: https://t.me/debian_browserifyIf you are new to these technologies, I suggest you try matrix, see https://matrix.org for details. https://riot.im has a list of apps you can use. To start with packaging, start with nodejs packages and understand the workflow, then you can shift to other language modules and then to higher multi language modules. Manas Kashyap All Set? Let's Start! Install a text editor (I like vim , for installation run sudo apt install vim) and update .bashrc of docker container with the following environment variables, if you're unable to find the .bashrc file, head to your home directory and run ls -la to show hidden files. You can then use any text editor to edit the file, for vim you can run vim .bashrc to open the file. Add the content below at the end of .bashrc file. export DEBEMAILyour@email.domain export DEBFULLNAME'Your Name' alias lintian'lintian -iIEcv --pedantic --color auto' alias git-import-dsc'git-import-dsc --author-is-committer --pristine-tar' alias clean'fakeroot debian/rules clean' export LANGC.UTF-8 export LC_ALLC.UTF-8 Tips for VimUse the following keys to jump to various modes in Vim:- i: To enter the insert mode- :wq: To write the file and exit vim- :q!: To exit the file without saving Once the .bashrc is updated, you can update your current environment by running source ~/.bashrc Now, setup username and email address for git, if you haven't already by running: git config –-global user.name "Your name" git config –-global user.email "email@domain.tld" The Steps: Now we'll follow the steps below to package a node module, qw: #1 Check dependency use npm2deb depends $ npm2deb depends -b -r qw Module qw has no dependencies. From the output we can see that, qw has no dependencies #2 Search for existing work using npm2deb search $ npm2deb search qw Looking for similar package: None Looking for existing repositories: None Looking for wnpp bugs: None Output shows no existing work and so we can start working on it! #3 Preview more info using npm2deb view $ npm2deb view qw Version: 1.0.1 Description: None Homepage: https://github.com/iarna/node-qw#readme License: ISC Debian: None (None) License is automatically recognized as BSD, if this does not happen, please pass –upstream-license option during creation to set a correct license. #4 Automate debian package creation using npm2deb create Run npm2deb create qm to automatically create the package: $ npm2deb create qw You may want fix first these issues: qw/node-qw-1.0.1/debian/control:Description: FIX_ME write the Debian package description qw/node-qw_itp.mail:Subject: ITP: node-qw – FIX_ME write the Debian package description From the output above we can see that npm2deb failed to do it completely, so our job is to fix those error which is shown by the prefix FIX_ME. Run the ls command and you'll see that npm2deb has created a directory called qw, change directory to qw, and you'll find it has the following files: $ ls qw $ cd qw/ && ls node-qw node-qw-1.0.1.tar.gz node-qw_1.0.1-1.dsc qw_1.0.1- 1_amd64.buildinfo node-qw_1.0.1.orig.tar.gz node-qw-1.0.1 node-qw_1.0.1-1.debian.tar.xz node-qw_1.0.1-1_all.deb node- qw_1.0.1-1_amd64.changes node-qw_itp.mail node-qw is a temporary folder created by npm2deb itटs better to delete it to avoid confusion later $ rm -rf node-qw #5 Import package to git $ gbp import-dsc --pristine-tar node-qw_1.0.1-1.dsc Now, we'll get a new dir called node-qw which is tracked by git, cd into the newly created directory run git branch and git tag $ git branch masterpristine-tarupstream * $ git tag debian/1.0.1-1 upstream/1.0.1 Delete the debian tag by running git tag -d debian/1.0.1-1 #6 Take the Ownership, ITP ITP is a method by which we take ownership of the module by mailing to submit@bugs.debian.org and in return, we get a bug number. A sample mailing template is created by npm2deb for our use: Run $ cat node-qw_itp.mail (to view the template ) and update the template by fixing the error with the prefix FIX_ME. Refer https://bugs.debian.org/cgi-bin/bugreport.cgi?bug881423 for a sample ITP #7 Make package lintian clean Follow the commands below to find out errors we need to fix: /qw/node-qw $ ls LICENSE README.md debian package.json qw.js test /qw/node-qw $ dpkg-buildpackage && lintian ../node-qw_1.0.1-1.dsc I: node-qw source: file-contains-fixme-placeholder debian/control:20 FIX_ME W: node-qw source: out-of-date-standards-version 4.1.1 (current is 4.2.1) lintian points out the errors we need to fix. Places where errors were fixed regarding this module: debian/control, debian/copyright, debian/changelog. Make sure to commit your changes as they are fixed using git commit -m "comment description" path/of/fixed/file, For reference visit https://salsa.debianorg/js-team/node-qw.git/tree/ #8 Enable tests, if any Find the test command from package.json $ cat package.json { "name": "qw", "version": "1.0.1", "description": "Quoted word literals!", "main": "qw.js", "scripts": { "test": "tap test" }, "keywords": [], "author": "Rebecca Turner (http://re- becca.org/)", "license": "ISC", "devDependencies": { "tap": "^8.0.0" }, Now, add the test command under override_dh_auto_test from debian/rules override_dh_auto_test: tap -J test/*.js Add the test framework (mocha, node-tape etc) as a build dependency in debian/control Build-Depends: debhelper (> 9), dh-buildinfo, nodejs, node-tap Standards-Version: 4.1.2 Add a Test-Command section to debian/tests/control $ cat tests/control Tests: require Depends: node-qw Test-Command: tap -J test/*.js Depends: @, node-tap Now, run dpkg-buildpackage and check if the tests ran successfully and change debian/changelog to release by running dch -r. #9 Upload to https://salsa.debian.org ( as the team maintains it) Create a new project on https://salsa.debian.org as per your node-module name and push the directory to the repository using: $ git remote add origin git@salsa.debian.org:username/node-module-name.git #example link $ git push -u origin –all –follow-tags #10 Clean build with sbuild Run the command below and logout and re-login: $ sudo sbuild-adduser $LOGNAME or use newgrp sbuild in your current shell $ sudo sbuild-createchroot –includeeatmydata,ccache,gnupg unstable /srv/chroot/unstable-amd64-sbuild http://deb.debian.org/debian and now run: $ sudo sbuild -A -d unstable ../node-qw_1.0.1-1.dsc #11 Install deb package $ apt-get install autopkgtest $ dpkg -i ../node-qw_1.0.1-1_all.deb and you're done! Congratulations, you just packaged your first debian package! Why I do Debian Packaging and how it helped me? I do Debian Packaging because it helps me to learn about new languages, Linux systems, etc, and also because it's one of the ways to contribute to a bigger Open Source project and it makes you feel good when something you made is used by thousands of people using Debian! Debian Packaging has helped me to be a part of some great communities and be mentored by some really good mentors especially Praveen and Raju. SalsaDebian has it's own self-hosted git instance like Github, Salsa. Cool, eh? I hope this article helped you in Getting started with Debian Packaging, if you've any queries or if you faced any difficulties, you can ask them in the comment below or you can interact directly with the debian community with the links I shared above.

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Manas Kashyap

Basic Guide for Debian Packaging (NodeJS)